1. The Constitution and Its Principles

The Constitution of India came into effect on January 26, 1950. It establishes the legal and political structure of the country and is the longest written constitution in the world. It is divided into parts, schedules, and articles that define everything from the fundamental rights of citizens to the powers and responsibilities of the government.

The Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, rule of law, justice, liberty, and equality. It enshrines the rights of citizens and ensures that the government remains accountable to the people.

2. Federal Structure

India follows a federal system, meaning the powers are divided between the central government and the state governments. The Constitution provides for a Union of States, where the central government holds the supreme authority but allows states to govern their affairs in areas that fall under the state list. There are three lists:

• Union List: Matters on which only the central government can legislate, like defense, foreign affairs, and banking.
• State List: Matters like police, public health, and agriculture, on which state governments can legislate.
• Concurrent List: Matters like education, forests, and trade, where both central and state governments can legislate.

3. Parliamentary System

India adopts a parliamentary form of government, similar to the British model. The Parliament of India is bicameral, consisting of:

• Lok Sabha (House of the People): The lower house, directly elected by the people of India. It represents the citizens and holds the power to form the government.
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States): The upper house, representing the states and union territories. It provides a federal perspective in law-making.

The head of the government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and is usually the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha. The President of India is the ceremonial head of state and performs various constitutional duties like appointing governors, judges, and other key officials.

4. Fundamental Rights and Duties

The Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights to its citizens, which are essential for personal liberty and the development of individuals. These include:

5. Electoral System

India has a universal adult suffrage system, meaning every citizen above the age of 18 has the right to vote. The Election Commission of India is responsible for conducting free and fair elections at both national and state levels.

Elections to the Lok Sabha (the lower house) are held every five years, and each constituency elects one representative. State Legislative Assemblies also have elections, where members are chosen similarly. The President is elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of elected members of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies.

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